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Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + <t>CD154</t> + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in sepsis patients after stimulation with control or indicated antigens ( n = 20). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001
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Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + <t>CD154</t> + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in sepsis patients after stimulation with control or indicated antigens ( n = 20). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001
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Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + <t>CD154</t> + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in sepsis patients after stimulation with control or indicated antigens ( n = 20). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001
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Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + <t>CD154</t> + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in sepsis patients after stimulation with control or indicated antigens ( n = 20). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001
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Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + <t>CD154</t> + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in sepsis patients after stimulation with control or indicated antigens ( n = 20). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001
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Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in sepsis patients after stimulation with control or indicated antigens ( n = 20). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in sepsis patients after stimulation with control or indicated antigens ( n = 20). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Subsequently, cells were labeled with anti-CD154 (both cohorts) and anti-CD137 (only cohort 1) biotin antibodies followed by anti-biotin MicroBeads (CD154 & CD137 MicroBead Kit, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and magnetically enriched with MS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques: Control

Cytokine production in antigen-reactive CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of IFNγ producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of TNF-α producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of IL-2 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytokine production in antigen-reactive CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of IFNγ producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of TNF-α producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of IL-2 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Subsequently, cells were labeled with anti-CD154 (both cohorts) and anti-CD137 (only cohort 1) biotin antibodies followed by anti-biotin MicroBeads (CD154 & CD137 MicroBead Kit, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and magnetically enriched with MS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques:

Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 2 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 2 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Subsequently, cells were labeled with anti-CD154 (both cohorts) and anti-CD137 (only cohort 1) biotin antibodies followed by anti-biotin MicroBeads (CD154 & CD137 MicroBead Kit, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and magnetically enriched with MS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques: Control

Cytokine production in antigen-reactive CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 2. ( A ) Frequencies of IL-17 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( B ) Frequencies of IL-4 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( C ) Frequencies of IL-10 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytokine production in antigen-reactive CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 2. ( A ) Frequencies of IL-17 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( B ) Frequencies of IL-4 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( C ) Frequencies of IL-10 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Subsequently, cells were labeled with anti-CD154 (both cohorts) and anti-CD137 (only cohort 1) biotin antibodies followed by anti-biotin MicroBeads (CD154 & CD137 MicroBead Kit, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and magnetically enriched with MS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques:

Bifidobacterium longum -reactive gut trophic Th cell signature ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + α4ß7 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. ( B ) Frequencies of B. longum reactive Th cells in cohort 1 and 2. ( C ) Frequencies of IFNγ- and TNF-α producing B. longum reactive Th cells in cohort 1 and 2. ( D ) Frequencies of gut trophic α4ß7 + -expressing B. longum- reactive Th cells. (B) and (C) Merged data from both cohorts. Color code indicating respective groups

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bifidobacterium longum -reactive gut trophic Th cell signature ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + α4ß7 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. ( B ) Frequencies of B. longum reactive Th cells in cohort 1 and 2. ( C ) Frequencies of IFNγ- and TNF-α producing B. longum reactive Th cells in cohort 1 and 2. ( D ) Frequencies of gut trophic α4ß7 + -expressing B. longum- reactive Th cells. (B) and (C) Merged data from both cohorts. Color code indicating respective groups

Article Snippet: Subsequently, cells were labeled with anti-CD154 (both cohorts) and anti-CD137 (only cohort 1) biotin antibodies followed by anti-biotin MicroBeads (CD154 & CD137 MicroBead Kit, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and magnetically enriched with MS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques: Expressing

Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in sepsis patients after stimulation with control or indicated antigens ( n = 20). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in sepsis patients after stimulation with control or indicated antigens ( n = 20). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The enriched cell fractions were fixed with eBioscienceTM, FoxP3 staining buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA), and subsequently intracellularly stained ( Panel 1 : APC anti-human IFNγ; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-2; PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human TNFα; all from BioLegend, Koblenz, Germany; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; Panel 2 : PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human IL-4; APC anti-human IL-10; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-17a all from BioLegend; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques: Control

Cytokine production in antigen-reactive CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of IFNγ producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of TNF-α producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of IL-2 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytokine production in antigen-reactive CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 1 ( A ) Frequencies of IFNγ producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( B ) Frequencies of TNF-α producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). ( C ) Frequencies of IL-2 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 20/10/20/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The enriched cell fractions were fixed with eBioscienceTM, FoxP3 staining buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA), and subsequently intracellularly stained ( Panel 1 : APC anti-human IFNγ; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-2; PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human TNFα; all from BioLegend, Koblenz, Germany; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; Panel 2 : PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human IL-4; APC anti-human IL-10; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-17a all from BioLegend; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques:

Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 2 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Frequencies of circulating CD4 + and CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 2 ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( B ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with control, E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The enriched cell fractions were fixed with eBioscienceTM, FoxP3 staining buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA), and subsequently intracellularly stained ( Panel 1 : APC anti-human IFNγ; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-2; PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human TNFα; all from BioLegend, Koblenz, Germany; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; Panel 2 : PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human IL-4; APC anti-human IL-10; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-17a all from BioLegend; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques: Control

Cytokine production in antigen-reactive CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 2. ( A ) Frequencies of IL-17 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( B ) Frequencies of IL-4 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( C ) Frequencies of IL-10 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytokine production in antigen-reactive CD4 + CD154 + Th cells in cohort 2. ( A ) Frequencies of IL-17 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( B ) Frequencies of IL-4 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). ( C ) Frequencies of IL-10 producing CD4 + CD154 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The enriched cell fractions were fixed with eBioscienceTM, FoxP3 staining buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA), and subsequently intracellularly stained ( Panel 1 : APC anti-human IFNγ; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-2; PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human TNFα; all from BioLegend, Koblenz, Germany; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; Panel 2 : PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human IL-4; APC anti-human IL-10; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-17a all from BioLegend; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques:

Bifidobacterium longum -reactive gut trophic Th cell signature ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + α4ß7 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. ( B ) Frequencies of B. longum reactive Th cells in cohort 1 and 2. ( C ) Frequencies of IFNγ- and TNF-α producing B. longum reactive Th cells in cohort 1 and 2. ( D ) Frequencies of gut trophic α4ß7 + -expressing B. longum- reactive Th cells. (B) and (C) Merged data from both cohorts. Color code indicating respective groups

Journal: Gut Pathogens

Article Title: “ Bifidobacterium longum -reactive T helper cells as marker for intestinal barrier impairment in ICU patients with sepsis”

doi: 10.1186/s13099-025-00770-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bifidobacterium longum -reactive gut trophic Th cell signature ( A ) Frequencies of CD4 + CD154 + α4ß7 + Th cells after stimulation with E. coli , C. albicans , or B. longum ( n = 10/10/10). Data represented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. ( B ) Frequencies of B. longum reactive Th cells in cohort 1 and 2. ( C ) Frequencies of IFNγ- and TNF-α producing B. longum reactive Th cells in cohort 1 and 2. ( D ) Frequencies of gut trophic α4ß7 + -expressing B. longum- reactive Th cells. (B) and (C) Merged data from both cohorts. Color code indicating respective groups

Article Snippet: The enriched cell fractions were fixed with eBioscienceTM, FoxP3 staining buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA), and subsequently intracellularly stained ( Panel 1 : APC anti-human IFNγ; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-2; PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human TNFα; all from BioLegend, Koblenz, Germany; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; Panel 2 : PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human IL-4; APC anti-human IL-10; APC/Cy7 anti-human IL-17a all from BioLegend; FITC anti-human CD154 from Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques: Expressing